/*
 * Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
#include <malloc.h>
#endif
#include <setjmp.h>
#ifndef _WIN32
#include <signal.h>
#endif // !_WIN32
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
#include <inttypes.h>
#endif /* HAVE_INTTYPES_H */
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#endif // _WIN32
#include <cmockery.h>

#ifdef _WIN32
#define vsnprintf _vsnprintf
#endif // _WIN32

/* Backwards compatibility with headers shipped with Visual Studio 2005 and
 * earlier. */
#ifdef _WIN32
WINBASEAPI BOOL WINAPI IsDebuggerPresent(VOID);
#endif // _WIN32

// Size of guard bytes around dynamically allocated blocks.
#define MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE 16
// Pattern used to initialize guard blocks.
#define MALLOC_GUARD_PATTERN 0xEF
// Pattern used to initialize memory allocated with test_malloc().
#define MALLOC_ALLOC_PATTERN 0xBA
#define MALLOC_FREE_PATTERN 0xCD
// Alignment of allocated blocks.  NOTE: This must be base2.
#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT sizeof(size_t)

// Printf formatting for source code locations.
#define SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT "%s:%d"

// Calculates the number of elements in an array.
#define ARRAY_LENGTH(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0]))

// Declare and initialize the pointer member of ValuePointer variable name
// with ptr.
#define declare_initialize_value_pointer_pointer(name, ptr) \
    ValuePointer name ; \
    name.value = 0; \
    name.pointer = (void*)(ptr)

// Declare and initialize the value member of ValuePointer variable name
// with val.
#define declare_initialize_value_pointer_value(name, val) \
    ValuePointer name ; \
    name.value = val

// Cast a uintmax_t to pointer_type via a ValuePointer.
#define cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer( \
    pointer_type, largest_integral_type) \
    ((pointer_type)((ValuePointer*)&(largest_integral_type))->pointer)

// Used to cast uintmax_t to void* and vice versa.
typedef union ValuePointer {
    uintmax_t value;
    void *pointer;
} ValuePointer;

// Doubly linked list node.
typedef struct ListNode {
    const void *value;
    int refcount;
    struct ListNode *next;
    struct ListNode *prev;
} ListNode;

// Debug information for malloc().
typedef struct MallocBlockInfo {
    void* block;              // Address of the block returned by malloc().
    size_t allocated_size;    // Total size of the allocated block.
    size_t size;              // Request block size.
    SourceLocation location;  // Where the block was allocated.
    ListNode node;            // Node within list of all allocated blocks.
} MallocBlockInfo;

// State of each test.
typedef struct TestState {
    const ListNode *check_point; // Check point of the test if there's a
                                 // setup function.
    void *state;                 // State associated with the test.
} TestState;

// Determines whether two values are the same.
typedef int (*EqualityFunction)(const void *left, const void *right);

// Value of a symbol and the place it was declared.
typedef struct SymbolValue {
    SourceLocation location;
    uintmax_t value;
} SymbolValue;

/* Contains a list of values for a symbol.
 * NOTE: Each structure referenced by symbol_values_list_head must have a
 * SourceLocation as its' first member.
 */
typedef struct SymbolMapValue {
    const char *symbol_name;
    ListNode symbol_values_list_head;
} SymbolMapValue;

// Used by list_free() to deallocate values referenced by list nodes.
typedef void (*CleanupListValue)(const void *value, void *cleanup_value_data);

// Structure used to check the range of integer types.
typedef struct CheckIntegerRange {
    CheckParameterEvent event;
    uintmax_t minimum;
    uintmax_t maximum;
} CheckIntegerRange;

// Structure used to check whether an integer value is in a set.
typedef struct CheckIntegerSet {
    CheckParameterEvent event;
    const uintmax_t *set;
    size_t size_of_set;
} CheckIntegerSet;

/* Used to check whether a parameter matches the area of memory referenced by
 * this structure.  */
typedef struct CheckMemoryData {
    CheckParameterEvent event;
    const void *memory;
    size_t size;
} CheckMemoryData;

static ListNode* list_initialize(ListNode * const node);
static ListNode* list_add(ListNode * const head, ListNode *new_node);
static ListNode* list_add_value(ListNode * const head, const void *value,
                                     const int count);
static ListNode* list_remove(
    ListNode * const node, const CleanupListValue cleanup_value,
    void * const cleanup_value_data);
static void list_remove_free(
    ListNode * const node, const CleanupListValue cleanup_value,
    void * const cleanup_value_data);
static int list_empty(const ListNode * const head);
static int list_find(
    ListNode * const head, const void *value,
    const EqualityFunction equal_func, ListNode **output);
static int list_first(ListNode * const head, ListNode **output);
static ListNode* list_free(
    ListNode * const head, const CleanupListValue cleanup_value,
    void * const cleanup_value_data);

static void add_symbol_value(
    ListNode * const symbol_map_head, const char * const symbol_names[],
    const size_t number_of_symbol_names, const void* value, const int count);
static int get_symbol_value(
    ListNode * const symbol_map_head, const char * const symbol_names[],
    const size_t number_of_symbol_names, void **output);
static void free_value(const void *value, void *cleanup_value_data);
static void free_symbol_map_value(
    const void *value, void *cleanup_value_data);
static void remove_always_return_values(ListNode * const map_head,
                                        const size_t number_of_symbol_names);
static int check_for_leftover_values(
    const ListNode * const map_head, const char * const error_message,
    const size_t number_of_symbol_names);
// This must be called at the beginning of a test to initialize some data
// structures.
static void initialize_testing(const char *test_name);
// This must be called at the end of a test to free() allocated structures.
static void teardown_testing(const char *test_name);


// Keeps track of the calling context returned by setenv() so that the fail()
// method can jump out of a test.
static jmp_buf global_run_test_env;
static int global_running_test = 0;

// Keeps track of the calling context returned by setenv() so that
// mock_assert() can optionally jump back to expect_assert_failure().
jmp_buf global_expect_assert_env;
int global_expecting_assert = 0;

// Keeps a map of the values that functions will have to return to provide
// mocked interfaces.
static ListNode global_function_result_map_head;
// Location of the last mock value returned was declared.
static SourceLocation global_last_mock_value_location;

/* Keeps a map of the values that functions expect as parameters to their
 * mocked interfaces. */
static ListNode global_function_parameter_map_head;
// Location of last parameter value checked was declared.
static SourceLocation global_last_parameter_location;

// List of all currently allocated blocks.
static ListNode global_allocated_blocks;

#ifndef _WIN32
// Signals caught by exception_handler().
static const int exception_signals[] = {
    SIGFPE,
    SIGILL,
    SIGSEGV,
    SIGBUS,
    SIGSYS,
};

// Default signal functions that should be restored after a test is complete.
typedef void (*SignalFunction)(int signal);
static SignalFunction default_signal_functions[
    ARRAY_LENGTH(exception_signals)];

#else // _WIN32

// The default exception filter.
static LPTOP_LEVEL_EXCEPTION_FILTER previous_exception_filter;

// Fatal exceptions.
typedef struct ExceptionCodeInfo {
    DWORD code;
    const char* description;
} ExceptionCodeInfo;

#define EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(exception_code) {exception_code, #exception_code}

static const ExceptionCodeInfo exception_codes[] = {
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_ARRAY_BOUNDS_EXCEEDED),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_DATATYPE_MISALIGNMENT),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_FLT_DENORMAL_OPERAND),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_FLT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_FLT_INEXACT_RESULT),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_FLT_INVALID_OPERATION),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_FLT_OVERFLOW),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_FLT_STACK_CHECK),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_FLT_UNDERFLOW),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_GUARD_PAGE),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_INT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_INT_OVERFLOW),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_INVALID_DISPOSITION),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_INVALID_HANDLE),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_NONCONTINUABLE_EXCEPTION),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_PRIV_INSTRUCTION),
    EXCEPTION_CODE_INFO(EXCEPTION_STACK_OVERFLOW),
};
#endif // !_WIN32


// Exit the currently executing test.
static void exit_test(const int quit_application) {
    if (global_running_test) {
        longjmp(global_run_test_env, 1);
    } else if (quit_application) {
        exit(-1);
    }
}


// Initialize a SourceLocation structure.
static void initialize_source_location(SourceLocation * const location) {
    assert_non_null(location);
    location->file = NULL;
    location->line = 0;
}


// Determine whether a source location is currently set.
static int source_location_is_set(const SourceLocation * const location) {
    assert_non_null(location);
    return location->file && location->line;
}


// Set a source location.
static void set_source_location(
    SourceLocation * const location, const char * const file,
    const int line) {
    assert_non_null(location);
    location->file = file;
    location->line = line;
}


// Create function results and expected parameter lists.
void initialize_testing(const char *test_name) {
	(void)test_name;
    list_initialize(&global_function_result_map_head);
    initialize_source_location(&global_last_mock_value_location);
    list_initialize(&global_function_parameter_map_head);
    initialize_source_location(&global_last_parameter_location);
}


void fail_if_leftover_values(const char *test_name) {
    int error_occurred = 0;
	(void)test_name;
    remove_always_return_values(&global_function_result_map_head, 1);
    if (check_for_leftover_values(
            &global_function_result_map_head,
            "%s() has remaining non-returned values.\n", 1)) {
        error_occurred = 1;
    }

    remove_always_return_values(&global_function_parameter_map_head, 2);
    if (check_for_leftover_values(
            &global_function_parameter_map_head,
            "%s parameter still has values that haven't been checked.\n", 2)) {
        error_occurred = 1;
    }
    if (error_occurred) {
        exit_test(1);
    }
}


void teardown_testing(const char *test_name) {
	(void)test_name;
    list_free(&global_function_result_map_head, free_symbol_map_value,
              (void*)0);
    initialize_source_location(&global_last_mock_value_location);
    list_free(&global_function_parameter_map_head, free_symbol_map_value,
              (void*)1);
    initialize_source_location(&global_last_parameter_location);
}

// Initialize a list node.
static ListNode* list_initialize(ListNode * const node) {
    node->value = NULL;
    node->next = node;
    node->prev = node;
    node->refcount = 1;
    return node;
}


/* Adds a value at the tail of a given list.
 * The node referencing the value is allocated from the heap. */
static ListNode* list_add_value(ListNode * const head, const void *value,
                                     const int refcount) {
    ListNode * const new_node = (ListNode*)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
    assert_non_null(head);
    assert_non_null(value);
    new_node->value = value;
    new_node->refcount = refcount;
    return list_add(head, new_node);
}


// Add new_node to the end of the list.
static ListNode* list_add(ListNode * const head, ListNode *new_node) {
    assert_non_null(head);
    assert_non_null(new_node);
    new_node->next = head;
    new_node->prev = head->prev;
    head->prev->next = new_node;
    head->prev = new_node;
    return new_node;
}


// Remove a node from a list.
static ListNode* list_remove(
        ListNode * const node, const CleanupListValue cleanup_value,
        void * const cleanup_value_data) {
    assert_non_null(node);
    node->prev->next = node->next;
    node->next->prev = node->prev;
    if (cleanup_value) {
        cleanup_value(node->value, cleanup_value_data);
    }
    return node;
}


/* Remove a list node from a list and free the node. */
static void list_remove_free(
        ListNode * const node, const CleanupListValue cleanup_value,
        void * const cleanup_value_data) {
    assert_non_null(node);
    free(list_remove(node, cleanup_value, cleanup_value_data));
}


/* Frees memory kept by a linked list
 * The cleanup_value function is called for every "value" field of nodes in the
 * list, except for the head.  In addition to each list value,
 * cleanup_value_data is passed to each call to cleanup_value.  The head
 * of the list is not deallocated.
 */
static ListNode* list_free(
        ListNode * const head, const CleanupListValue cleanup_value,
        void * const cleanup_value_data) {
    assert_non_null(head);
    while (!list_empty(head)) {
        list_remove_free(head->next, cleanup_value, cleanup_value_data);
    }
    return head;
}


// Determine whether a list is empty.
static int list_empty(const ListNode * const head) {
    assert_non_null(head);
    return head->next == head;
}


/* Find a value in the list using the equal_func to compare each node with the
 * value.
 */
static int list_find(ListNode * const head, const void *value,
                     const EqualityFunction equal_func, ListNode **output) {
    ListNode *current;
    assert_non_null(head);
    for (current = head->next; current != head; current = current->next) {
        if (equal_func(current->value, value)) {
            *output = current;
            return 1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

// Returns the first node of a list
static int list_first(ListNode * const head, ListNode **output) {
    ListNode *target_node;
    assert_non_null(head);
    if (list_empty(head)) {
        return 0;
    }
    target_node = head->next;
    *output = target_node;
    return 1;
}


// Deallocate a value referenced by a list.
static void free_value(const void *value, void *cleanup_value_data) {
	(void)cleanup_value_data;
    assert_non_null(value);
    free((void*)value);
}


// Releases memory associated to a symbol_map_value.
static void free_symbol_map_value(const void *value,
                                  void *cleanup_value_data) {
    SymbolMapValue * const map_value = (SymbolMapValue*)value;
    const uintmax_t children = cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(cleanup_value_data);
    assert_non_null(value);
    list_free(&map_value->symbol_values_list_head,
              children ? free_symbol_map_value : free_value,
              (void *) ((uintptr_t)children - 1));
    free(map_value);
}


/* Determine whether a symbol name referenced by a symbol_map_value
 * matches the specified function name. */
static int symbol_names_match(const void *map_value, const void *symbol) {
    return !strcmp(((SymbolMapValue*)map_value)->symbol_name,
                   (const char*)symbol);
}


/* Adds a value to the queue of values associated with the given
 * hierarchy of symbols.  It's assumed value is allocated from the heap.
 */
static void add_symbol_value(ListNode * const symbol_map_head,
                             const char * const symbol_names[],
                             const size_t number_of_symbol_names,
                             const void* value, const int refcount) {
    const char* symbol_name;
    ListNode *target_node;
    SymbolMapValue *target_map_value;
    assert_non_null(symbol_map_head);
    assert_non_null(symbol_names);
    assert_true(number_of_symbol_names);
    symbol_name = symbol_names[0];

    if (!list_find(symbol_map_head, symbol_name, symbol_names_match,
                   &target_node)) {
        SymbolMapValue * const new_symbol_map_value =
            (SymbolMapValue*)malloc(sizeof(*new_symbol_map_value));
        new_symbol_map_value->symbol_name = symbol_name;
        list_initialize(&new_symbol_map_value->symbol_values_list_head);
        target_node = list_add_value(symbol_map_head, new_symbol_map_value,
                                          1);
    }

    target_map_value = (SymbolMapValue*)target_node->value;
    if (number_of_symbol_names == 1) {
            list_add_value(&target_map_value->symbol_values_list_head,
                                value, refcount);
    } else {
        add_symbol_value(&target_map_value->symbol_values_list_head,
                         &symbol_names[1], number_of_symbol_names - 1, value,
                         refcount);
    }
}


/* Gets the next value associated with the given hierarchy of symbols.
 * The value is returned as an output parameter with the function returning the
 * node's old refcount value if a value is found, 0 otherwise.
 * This means that a return value of 1 indicates the node was just removed from
 * the list.
 */
static int get_symbol_value(
        ListNode * const head, const char * const symbol_names[],
        const size_t number_of_symbol_names, void **output) {
    const char* symbol_name;
    ListNode *target_node;
    assert_non_null(head);
    assert_non_null(symbol_names);
    assert_true(number_of_symbol_names);
    assert_non_null(output);
    symbol_name = symbol_names[0];

    if (list_find(head, symbol_name, symbol_names_match, &target_node)) {
        SymbolMapValue *map_value;
        ListNode *child_list;
        int return_value = 0;
        assert_non_null(target_node);
        assert_non_null(target_node->value);

        map_value = (SymbolMapValue*)target_node->value;
        child_list = &map_value->symbol_values_list_head;

        if (number_of_symbol_names == 1) {
            ListNode *value_node = NULL;
            return_value = list_first(child_list, &value_node);
            assert_true(return_value);
            *output = (void*) value_node->value;
            return_value = value_node->refcount;
            if (--value_node->refcount == 0) {
                list_remove_free(value_node, NULL, NULL);
            }
        } else {
            return_value = get_symbol_value(
                child_list, &symbol_names[1], number_of_symbol_names - 1,
                output);
        }
        if (list_empty(child_list)) {
            list_remove_free(target_node, free_symbol_map_value, (void*)0);
        }
        return return_value;
    } else {
        print_error("No entries for symbol %s.\n", symbol_name);
    }
    return 0;
}


/* Traverse down a tree of symbol values and remove the first symbol value
 * in each branch that has a refcount < -1 (i.e should always be returned
 * and has been returned at least once).
 */
static void remove_always_return_values(ListNode * const map_head,
                                        const size_t number_of_symbol_names) {
    ListNode *current;
    assert_non_null(map_head);
    assert_true(number_of_symbol_names);
    current = map_head->next;
    while (current != map_head) {
        SymbolMapValue * const value = (SymbolMapValue*)current->value;
        ListNode * const next = current->next;
        ListNode *child_list;
        assert_non_null(value);
        child_list = &value->symbol_values_list_head;

        if (!list_empty(child_list)) {
            if (number_of_symbol_names == 1) {
                ListNode * const child_node = child_list->next;
                // If this item has been returned more than once, free it.
                if (child_node->refcount < -1) {
                    list_remove_free(child_node, free_value, NULL);
                }
            } else {
                remove_always_return_values(child_list,
                                            number_of_symbol_names - 1);
            }
        }

        if (list_empty(child_list)) {
            list_remove_free(current, free_value, NULL);
        }
        current = next;
    }
}

/* Checks if there are any leftover values set up by the test that were never
 * retrieved through execution, and fail the test if that is the case.
 */
static int check_for_leftover_values(
        const ListNode * const map_head, const char * const error_message,
        const size_t number_of_symbol_names) {
    const ListNode *current;
    int symbols_with_leftover_values = 0;
    assert_non_null(map_head);
    assert_true(number_of_symbol_names);

    for (current = map_head->next; current != map_head;
         current = current->next) {
        const SymbolMapValue * const value =
            (SymbolMapValue*)current->value;
        const ListNode *child_list;
        assert_non_null(value);
        child_list = &value->symbol_values_list_head;

        if (!list_empty(child_list)) {
            if (number_of_symbol_names == 1) {
                const ListNode *child_node;
                print_error(error_message, value->symbol_name);
                print_error("  Remaining item(s) declared at...\n");

                for (child_node = child_list->next; child_node != child_list;
                     child_node = child_node->next) {
                    const SourceLocation * const location =
			    (const SourceLocation*)child_node->value;
                    print_error("    " SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT "\n",
                                location->file, location->line);
                }
            } else {
                print_error("%s.", value->symbol_name);
                check_for_leftover_values(child_list, error_message,
                                          number_of_symbol_names - 1);
            }
            symbols_with_leftover_values ++;
        }
    }
    return symbols_with_leftover_values;
}


// Get the next return value for the specified mock function.
uintmax_t _mock(const char * const function, const char* const file,
                          const int line) {
    void *result;
    const int rc = get_symbol_value(&global_function_result_map_head,
                                    &function, 1, &result);
    if (rc) {
        SymbolValue * const symbol = (SymbolValue*)result;
        const uintmax_t value = symbol->value;
        global_last_mock_value_location = symbol->location;
        if (rc == 1) {
            free(symbol);
        }
        return value;
    } else {
        print_error("ERROR: " SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT " - Could not get value "
                    "to mock function %s\n", file, line, function);
        if (source_location_is_set(&global_last_mock_value_location)) {
            print_error("Previously returned mock value was declared at "
                        SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT "\n",
                        global_last_mock_value_location.file,
                        global_last_mock_value_location.line);
        } else {
            print_error("There were no previously returned mock values for "
                        "this test.\n");
        }
        exit_test(1);
    }
    return 0;
}


// Add a return value for the specified mock function name.
void _will_return(const char * const function_name, const char * const file,
                  const int line, const uintmax_t value,
                  const int count) {
    SymbolValue * const return_value =
	    (SymbolValue*)malloc(sizeof(*return_value));
    assert_true(count > 0 || count == -1);
    return_value->value = value;
    set_source_location(&return_value->location, file, line);
    add_symbol_value(&global_function_result_map_head, &function_name, 1,
                     return_value, count);
}


/* Add a custom parameter checking function.  If the event parameter is NULL
 * the event structure is allocated internally by this function.  If event
 * parameter is provided it must be allocated on the heap and doesn't need to
 * be deallocated by the caller.
 */
void _expect_check(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const CheckParameterValue check_function,
        const uintmax_t check_data,
        CheckParameterEvent * const event, const int count) {
    CheckParameterEvent * const check =
        event ? event : (CheckParameterEvent*)malloc(sizeof(*check));
    const char* symbols[] = {function, parameter};
    check->parameter_name = parameter;
    check->check_value = check_function;
    check->check_value_data = check_data;
    set_source_location(&check->location, file, line);
    add_symbol_value(&global_function_parameter_map_head, symbols, 2, check,
                     count);
}


/* Returns 1 if the specified values are equal.  If the values are not equal
 * an error is displayed and 0 is returned. */
static int values_equal_display_error(const uintmax_t left,
                                      const uintmax_t right) {
    const int equal = left == right;
    if (!equal) {
        print_error("%" PRIxMAX " != "
                    "%" PRIxMAX "\n", left, right);
    }
    return equal;
}

/* Returns 1 if the specified values are not equal.  If the values are equal
 * an error is displayed and 0 is returned. */
static int values_not_equal_display_error(const uintmax_t left,
                                          const uintmax_t right) {
    const int not_equal = left != right;
    if (!not_equal) {
        print_error("%" PRIxMAX " == "
                    "%" PRIxMAX "\n", left, right);
    }
    return not_equal;
}


/* Determine whether value is contained within check_integer_set.
 * If invert is 0 and the value is in the set 1 is returned, otherwise 0 is
 * returned and an error is displayed.  If invert is 1 and the value is not
 * in the set 1 is returned, otherwise 0 is returned and an error is
 * displayed. */
static int value_in_set_display_error(
        const uintmax_t value,
        const CheckIntegerSet * const check_integer_set, const int invert) {
    int succeeded = invert;
    assert_non_null(check_integer_set);
    {
        const uintmax_t * const set = check_integer_set->set;
        const size_t size_of_set = check_integer_set->size_of_set;
        size_t i;
        for (i = 0; i < size_of_set; i++) {
            if (set[i] == value) {
                // If invert = 0 and item is found, succeeded = 1.
                // If invert = 1 and item is found, succeeded = 0.
                succeeded = !succeeded;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (succeeded) {
            return 1;
        }
        print_error("%" PRIuMAX " is %sin the set (", value, invert ? "" : "not ");
        for (i = 0; i < size_of_set; i++) {
            print_error("%" PRIuMAX ", ", set[i]);
        }
        print_error(")\n");
    }
    return 0;
}


/* Determine whether a value is within the specified range.  If the value is
 * within the specified range 1 is returned.  If the value isn't within the
 * specified range an error is displayed and 0 is returned. */
static int integer_in_range_display_error(
        const uintmax_t value, const uintmax_t range_min,
        const uintmax_t range_max) {
    if (value >= range_min && value <= range_max) {
        return 1;
    }
    print_error("%" PRIuMAX " is not within the range %" PRIuMAX "-%" PRIuMAX "\n",
				value, range_min, range_max);
    return 0;
}


/* Determine whether a value is within the specified range.  If the value
 * is not within the range 1 is returned.  If the value is within the
 * specified range an error is displayed and zero is returned. */
static int integer_not_in_range_display_error(
        const uintmax_t value, const uintmax_t range_min,
        const uintmax_t range_max) {
    if (value < range_min || value > range_max) {
        return 1;
    }
    print_error("%" PRIuMAX " is within the range %" PRIuMAX "-%" PRIuMAX "\n", 
				value, range_min, range_max);
    return 0;
}


/* Determine whether the specified strings are equal.  If the strings are equal
 * 1 is returned.  If they're not equal an error is displayed and 0 is
 * returned. */
static int string_equal_display_error(
        const char * const left, const char * const right) {
    if (strcmp(left, right) == 0) {
        return 1;
    }
    print_error("\"%s\" != \"%s\"\n", left, right);
    return 0;
}


/* Determine whether the specified strings are equal.  If the strings are not
 * equal 1 is returned.  If they're not equal an error is displayed and 0 is
 * returned */
static int string_not_equal_display_error(
        const char * const left, const char * const right) {
    if (strcmp(left, right) != 0) {
        return 1;
    }
    print_error("\"%s\" == \"%s\"\n", left, right);
    return 0;
}


/* Determine whether the specified areas of memory are equal.  If they're equal
 * 1 is returned otherwise an error is displayed and 0 is returned. */
static int memory_equal_display_error(const char* const a, const char* const b,
                                      const size_t size) {
    int differences = 0;
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        const char l = a[i];
        const char r = b[i];
        if (l != r) {
            print_error("difference at offset %" PRIuMAX " 0x%02x 0x%02x\n", 
						cast_to_largest_integral_type(i), l, r);
            differences ++;
        }
    }
    if (differences) {
        print_error("%d bytes of 0x%08" PRIxMAX " and 0x%08" PRIxMAX " differ\n", 
					differences,
                    cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(a), 
					cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(b));
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}


/* Determine whether the specified areas of memory are not equal.  If they're
 * not equal 1 is returned otherwise an error is displayed and 0 is
 * returned. */
static int memory_not_equal_display_error(
        const char* const a, const char* const b, const size_t size) {
    size_t same = 0;
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        const char l = a[i];
        const char r = b[i];
        if (l == r) {
            same ++;
        }
    }
    if (same == size) {
        print_error("%" PRIuMAX " bytes of 0x%08" PRIxMAX " and 0x%08" PRIxMAX" the same\n", 
					cast_to_largest_integral_type(same),
                    cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(a), 
					cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(b));
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}


// CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a value is within a set.
static int check_in_set(const uintmax_t value,
                        const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    return value_in_set_display_error(value,
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(CheckIntegerSet*,
                                              check_value_data), 0);
}


// CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a value isn't within a set.
static int check_not_in_set(const uintmax_t value,
                            const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    return value_in_set_display_error(value,
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(CheckIntegerSet*,
                                              check_value_data), 1);
}


/* Create the callback data for check_in_set() or check_not_in_set() and
 * register a check event. */
static void expect_set(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t values[], const size_t number_of_values,
        const CheckParameterValue check_function, const int count) {
    CheckIntegerSet * const check_integer_set =
        (CheckIntegerSet*)malloc(sizeof(*check_integer_set) +
               (sizeof(values[0]) * number_of_values));
    uintmax_t * const set = (uintmax_t*)(
        check_integer_set + 1);
    declare_initialize_value_pointer_pointer(check_data, check_integer_set);
    assert_non_null(values);
    assert_true(number_of_values);
    memcpy(set, values, number_of_values * sizeof(values[0]));
    check_integer_set->set = set;
    _expect_check(
        function, parameter, file, line, check_function,
        check_data.value, &check_integer_set->event, count);
}


// Add an event to check whether a value is in a set.
void _expect_in_set(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t values[], const size_t number_of_values,
        const int count) {
    expect_set(function, parameter, file, line, values, number_of_values,
               check_in_set, count);
}


// Add an event to check whether a value isn't in a set.
void _expect_not_in_set(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t values[], const size_t number_of_values,
        const int count) {
    expect_set(function, parameter, file, line, values, number_of_values,
               check_not_in_set, count);
}


// CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a value is within a range.
static int check_in_range(const uintmax_t value,
                          const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    CheckIntegerRange * const check_integer_range =
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(CheckIntegerRange*,
                                              check_value_data);
    assert_non_null(check_integer_range);
    return integer_in_range_display_error(value, check_integer_range->minimum,
                                          check_integer_range->maximum);
}


// CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a value is not within a range.
static int check_not_in_range(const uintmax_t value,
                              const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    CheckIntegerRange * const check_integer_range =
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(CheckIntegerRange*,
                                              check_value_data);
    assert_non_null(check_integer_range);
    return integer_not_in_range_display_error(
        value, check_integer_range->minimum, check_integer_range->maximum);
}


/* Create the callback data for check_in_range() or check_not_in_range() and
 * register a check event. */
static void expect_range(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t minimum, const uintmax_t maximum,
        const CheckParameterValue check_function, const int count) {
    CheckIntegerRange * const check_integer_range =
        (CheckIntegerRange*)malloc(sizeof(*check_integer_range));
    declare_initialize_value_pointer_pointer(check_data, check_integer_range);
    check_integer_range->minimum = minimum;
    check_integer_range->maximum = maximum;
    _expect_check(function, parameter, file, line, check_function,
                  check_data.value, &check_integer_range->event, count);
}


// Add an event to determine whether a parameter is within a range.
void _expect_in_range(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t minimum, const uintmax_t maximum,
        const int count) {
    expect_range(function, parameter, file, line, minimum, maximum,
                 check_in_range, count);
}


// Add an event to determine whether a parameter is not within a range.
void _expect_not_in_range(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t minimum, const uintmax_t maximum,
        const int count) {
    expect_range(function, parameter, file, line, minimum, maximum,
                 check_not_in_range, count);
}


/* CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a value is equal to an
 * expected value. */
static int check_value(const uintmax_t value,
                       const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    return values_equal_display_error(value, check_value_data);
}


// Add an event to check a parameter equals an expected value.
void _expect_value(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t value, const int count) {
    _expect_check(function, parameter, file, line, check_value, value, NULL,
                  count);
}


/* CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a value is not equal to an
 * expected value. */
static int check_not_value(const uintmax_t value,
                           const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    return values_not_equal_display_error(value, check_value_data);
}


// Add an event to check a parameter is not equal to an expected value.
void _expect_not_value(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const uintmax_t value, const int count) {
    _expect_check(function, parameter, file, line, check_not_value, value,
                  NULL, count);
}


// CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a parameter equals a string.
static int check_string(const uintmax_t value,
                        const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    return string_equal_display_error(
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(char*, value),
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(char*, check_value_data));
}


// Add an event to check whether a parameter is equal to a string.
void _expect_string(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line, const char* string,
        const int count) {
    declare_initialize_value_pointer_pointer(string_pointer, (char*)string);
    _expect_check(function, parameter, file, line, check_string,
                  string_pointer.value, NULL, count);
}


/* CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a parameter is not equals to
 * a string. */
static int check_not_string(const uintmax_t value,
                            const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    return string_not_equal_display_error(
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(char*, value),
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(char*, check_value_data));
}


// Add an event to check whether a parameter is not equal to a string.
void _expect_not_string(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line, const char* string,
        const int count) {
    declare_initialize_value_pointer_pointer(string_pointer, (char*)string);
    _expect_check(function, parameter, file, line, check_not_string,
                  string_pointer.value, NULL, count);
}

/* CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a parameter equals an area of
 * memory. */
static int check_memory(const uintmax_t value,
                        const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    CheckMemoryData * const check = cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(
        CheckMemoryData*, check_value_data);
    assert_non_null(check);
    return memory_equal_display_error(
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(const char*, value),
        (const char*)check->memory, check->size);
}


/* Create the callback data for check_memory() or check_not_memory() and
 * register a check event. */
static void expect_memory_setup(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line,
        const void * const memory, const size_t size,
        const CheckParameterValue check_function, const int count) {
    CheckMemoryData * const check_data =
	    (CheckMemoryData*)malloc(sizeof(*check_data) + size);
    void * const mem = (void*)(check_data + 1);
    declare_initialize_value_pointer_pointer(check_data_pointer, check_data);
    assert_non_null(memory);
    assert_true(size);
    memcpy(mem, memory, size);
    check_data->memory = mem;
    check_data->size = size;
    _expect_check(function, parameter, file, line, check_function,
                  check_data_pointer.value, &check_data->event, count);
}


// Add an event to check whether a parameter matches an area of memory.
void _expect_memory(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line, const void* const memory,
        const size_t size, const int count) {
    expect_memory_setup(function, parameter, file, line, memory, size,
                        check_memory, count);
}


/* CheckParameterValue callback to check whether a parameter is not equal to
 * an area of memory. */
static int check_not_memory(const uintmax_t value,
                            const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
    CheckMemoryData * const check = cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(
        CheckMemoryData*, check_value_data);
    assert_non_null(check);
    return memory_not_equal_display_error(
        cast_largest_integral_type_to_pointer(const char*, value),
	(const char*)check->memory,
        check->size);
}


// Add an event to check whether a parameter doesn't match an area of memory.
void _expect_not_memory(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line, const void* const memory,
        const size_t size, const int count) {
    expect_memory_setup(function, parameter, file, line, memory, size,
                        check_not_memory, count);
}


// CheckParameterValue callback that always returns 1.
static int check_any(const uintmax_t value,
                     const uintmax_t check_value_data) {
	(void)value;
	(void)check_value_data;
    return 1;
}


// Add an event to allow any value for a parameter.
void _expect_any(
        const char* const function, const char* const parameter,
        const char* const file, const int line, const int count) {
    _expect_check(function, parameter, file, line, check_any, 0, NULL,
                  count);
}


void _check_expected(
        const char * const function_name, const char * const parameter_name,
        const char* file, const int line, const uintmax_t value) {
    void *result;
    const char* symbols[] = {function_name, parameter_name};
    const int rc = get_symbol_value(&global_function_parameter_map_head,
                                    symbols, 2, &result);
    if (rc) {
        CheckParameterEvent * const check = (CheckParameterEvent*)result;
        int check_succeeded;
        global_last_parameter_location = check->location;
        check_succeeded = check->check_value(value, check->check_value_data);
        if (rc == 1) {
            free(check);
        }
        if (!check_succeeded) {
            print_error("ERROR: Check of parameter %s, function %s failed\n"
                        "Expected parameter declared at "
                        SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT "\n",
                        parameter_name, function_name,
                        global_last_parameter_location.file,
                        global_last_parameter_location.line);
            _fail(file, line);
        }
    } else {
        print_error("ERROR: " SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT " - Could not get value "
                    "to check parameter %s of function %s\n", file, line,
                    parameter_name, function_name);
        if (source_location_is_set(&global_last_parameter_location)) {
            print_error("Previously declared parameter value was declared at "
                        SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT "\n",
                        global_last_parameter_location.file,
                        global_last_parameter_location.line);
        } else {
            print_error("There were no previously declared parameter values "
                        "for this test.\n");
        }
        exit_test(1);
    }
}


// Replacement for assert.
void mock_assert(const int result, const char* const expression,
                 const char* const file, const int line) {
    if (!result) {
        if (global_expecting_assert) {
            longjmp(global_expect_assert_env, (int)expression);
        } else {
            print_error("ASSERT: %s\n", expression);
            _fail(file, line);
        }
    }
}


void _assert_true(const uintmax_t result,
                  const char * const expression,
                  const char * const file, const int line) {
    if (!result) {
        print_error("%s\n", expression);
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}

void _assert_int_equal(
        const uintmax_t a, const uintmax_t b,
        const char * const file, const int line) {
    if (!values_equal_display_error(a, b)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}


void _assert_int_not_equal(
        const uintmax_t a, const uintmax_t b,
        const char * const file, const int line) {
    if (!values_not_equal_display_error(a, b)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}


void _assert_string_equal(const char * const a, const char * const b,
                          const char * const file, const int line) {
    if (!string_equal_display_error(a, b)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}


void _assert_string_not_equal(const char * const a, const char * const b,
                              const char *file, const int line) {
    if (!string_not_equal_display_error(a, b)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}


void _assert_memory_equal(const void * const a, const void * const b,
                          const size_t size, const char* const file,
                          const int line) {
    if (!memory_equal_display_error((const char*)a, (const char*)b, size)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}


void _assert_memory_not_equal(const void * const a, const void * const b,
                              const size_t size, const char* const file,
                              const int line) {
    if (!memory_not_equal_display_error((const char*)a, (const char*)b,
                                        size)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}


void _assert_in_range(
        const uintmax_t value, const uintmax_t minimum,
        const uintmax_t maximum, const char* const file,
        const int line) {
    if (!integer_in_range_display_error(value, minimum, maximum)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}

void _assert_not_in_range(
        const uintmax_t value, const uintmax_t minimum,
        const uintmax_t maximum, const char* const file,
        const int line) {
    if (!integer_not_in_range_display_error(value, minimum, maximum)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}

void _assert_in_set(const uintmax_t value,
                    const uintmax_t values[],
                    const size_t number_of_values, const char* const file,
                    const int line) {
    CheckIntegerSet check_integer_set;
    check_integer_set.set = values;
    check_integer_set.size_of_set = number_of_values;
    if (!value_in_set_display_error(value, &check_integer_set, 0)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}

void _assert_not_in_set(const uintmax_t value,
                        const uintmax_t values[],
                        const size_t number_of_values, const char* const file,
                        const int line) {
    CheckIntegerSet check_integer_set;
    check_integer_set.set = values;
    check_integer_set.size_of_set = number_of_values;
    if (!value_in_set_display_error(value, &check_integer_set, 1)) {
        _fail(file, line);
    }
}


// Get the list of allocated blocks.
static ListNode* get_allocated_blocks_list() {
    // If it initialized, initialize the list of allocated blocks.
    if (!global_allocated_blocks.value) {
        list_initialize(&global_allocated_blocks);
        global_allocated_blocks.value = (void*)1;
    }
    return &global_allocated_blocks;
}

// Use the real malloc in this function.
#undef malloc
void* _test_malloc(const size_t size, const char* file, const int line) {
    char* ptr;
    MallocBlockInfo *block_info;
    ListNode * const block_list = get_allocated_blocks_list();
    const size_t allocate_size = size + (MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE * 2) +
        sizeof(*block_info) + MALLOC_ALIGNMENT;
    char* const block = (char*)malloc(allocate_size);
    assert_non_null(block);

    // Calculate the returned address.
    ptr = (char*)(((size_t)block + MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE + sizeof(*block_info) +
                  MALLOC_ALIGNMENT) & ~(MALLOC_ALIGNMENT - 1));

    // Initialize the guard blocks.
    memset(ptr - MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE, MALLOC_GUARD_PATTERN, MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE);
    memset(ptr + size, MALLOC_GUARD_PATTERN, MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE);
    memset(ptr, MALLOC_ALLOC_PATTERN, size);

    block_info = (MallocBlockInfo*)(ptr - (MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE +
                                             sizeof(*block_info)));
    set_source_location(&block_info->location, file, line);
    block_info->allocated_size = allocate_size;
    block_info->size = size;
    block_info->block = block;
    block_info->node.value = block_info;
    list_add(block_list, &block_info->node);
    return ptr;
}
#define malloc test_malloc


void* _test_calloc(const size_t number_of_elements, const size_t size,
                   const char* file, const int line) {
    void* const ptr = _test_malloc(number_of_elements * size, file, line);
    if (ptr) {
        memset(ptr, 0, number_of_elements * size);
    }
    return ptr;
}


// Use the real free in this function.
#undef free
void _test_free(void* const ptr, const char* file, const int line) {
    unsigned int i;
    char *block = (char*)ptr;
    MallocBlockInfo *block_info;
    _assert_true(cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(ptr), "ptr", file, line);
    block_info = (MallocBlockInfo*)(block - (MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE +
                                               sizeof(*block_info)));
    // Check the guard blocks.
    {
        char *guards[2] = {block - MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE,
                           block + block_info->size};
        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(guards); i++) {
            unsigned int j;
            char * const guard = guards[i];
            for (j = 0; j < MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE; j++) {
                const char diff = guard[j] - MALLOC_GUARD_PATTERN;
                if (diff) {
                    print_error(
                        "Guard block of 0x%08" PRIxMAX " size=%" PRIuMAX " allocated by "
                        SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT " at 0x%08" PRIxMAX " is corrupt\n",
                        cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(ptr), 
						cast_to_largest_integral_type(block_info->size),
                        block_info->location.file, block_info->location.line,
                        cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(&guard[j]));
                    _fail(file, line);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    list_remove(&block_info->node, NULL, NULL);

    block = (char*)block_info->block;
    memset(block, MALLOC_FREE_PATTERN, block_info->allocated_size);
    free(block);
}
#define free test_free


// Crudely checkpoint the current heap state.
static const ListNode* check_point_allocated_blocks() {
    return get_allocated_blocks_list()->prev;
}


/* Display the blocks allocated after the specified check point.  This
 * function returns the number of blocks displayed. */
static int display_allocated_blocks(const ListNode * const check_point) {
    const ListNode * const head = get_allocated_blocks_list();
    const ListNode *node;
    int allocated_blocks = 0;
    assert_non_null(check_point);
    assert_non_null(check_point->next);

    for (node = check_point->next; node != head; node = node->next) {
        const MallocBlockInfo * const block_info =
		(const MallocBlockInfo*)node->value;
        assert_non_null(block_info);

        if (!allocated_blocks) {
            print_error("Blocks allocated...\n");
        }
        print_error("  0x%08" PRIxMAX " : " SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT "\n",
                    cast_ptr_to_largest_integral_type(block_info->block), 
					block_info->location.file,
                    block_info->location.line);
        allocated_blocks ++;
    }
    return allocated_blocks;
}


// Free all blocks allocated after the specified check point.
static void free_allocated_blocks(const ListNode * const check_point) {
    const ListNode * const head = get_allocated_blocks_list();
    const ListNode *node;
    assert_non_null(check_point);

    node = check_point->next;
    assert_non_null(node);

    while (node != head) {
        MallocBlockInfo * const block_info = (MallocBlockInfo*)node->value;
        node = node->next;
        free((char*)block_info + sizeof(*block_info) + MALLOC_GUARD_SIZE);
    }
}


// Fail if any any blocks are allocated after the specified check point.
static void fail_if_blocks_allocated(const ListNode * const check_point,
                                     const char * const test_name) {
    const int allocated_blocks = display_allocated_blocks(check_point);
    if (allocated_blocks) {
        free_allocated_blocks(check_point);
        print_error("ERROR: %s leaked %d block(s)\n", test_name,
                    allocated_blocks);
        exit_test(1);
    }
}


void _fail(const char * const file, const int line) {
    print_error("ERROR: " SOURCE_LOCATION_FORMAT " Failure!\n", file, line);
    exit_test(1);
}


#ifndef _WIN32
static void exception_handler(int sig) {
#ifdef _HPUX
    print_error("%d\n", sig);
#else
    print_error("%s\n", strsignal(sig));
#endif
    exit_test(1);
}

#else // _WIN32

static LONG WINAPI exception_filter(EXCEPTION_POINTERS *exception_pointers) {
    EXCEPTION_RECORD * const exception_record =
        exception_pointers->ExceptionRecord;
    const DWORD code = exception_record->ExceptionCode;
    unsigned int i;
    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(exception_codes); i++) {
        const ExceptionCodeInfo * const code_info = &exception_codes[i];
        if (code == code_info->code) {
            static int shown_debug_message = 0;
            fflush(stdout);
            print_error("%s occurred at 0x%08" PRIxMAX ".\n", code_info->description,
                        cast_to_largest_integral_type(exception_record->ExceptionAddress));
            if (!shown_debug_message) {
                print_error(
                    "\n"
                    "To debug in Visual Studio...\n"
                    "1. Select menu item File->Open Project\n"
                    "2. Change 'Files of type' to 'Executable Files'\n"
                    "3. Open this executable.\n"
                    "4. Select menu item Debug->Start\n"
                    "\n"
                    "Alternatively, set the environment variable \n"
                    "UNIT_TESTING_DEBUG to 1 and rebuild this executable, \n"
                    "then click 'Debug' in the popup dialog box.\n"
                    "\n");
                shown_debug_message = 1;
            }
            exit_test(0);
            return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
        }
    }
    return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
}
#endif // !_WIN32


// Standard output and error print methods.
void vprint_message(const char* const format, va_list args) {
    char buffer[1024];
    vsnprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), format, args);
    printf("%s", buffer);
    fflush(stdout);
#ifdef _WIN32
    OutputDebugString(buffer);
#endif // _WIN32
}


void vprint_error(const char* const format, va_list args) {
    char buffer[1024];
    vsnprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), format, args);
    fprintf(stderr, "%s", buffer);
    fflush(stderr);
#ifdef _WIN32
    OutputDebugString(buffer);
#endif // _WIN32
}


void print_message(const char* const format, ...) {
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, format);
    vprint_message(format, args);
    va_end(args);
}


void print_error(const char* const format, ...) {
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, format);
    vprint_error(format, args);
    va_end(args);
}


int _run_test(
        const char * const function_name,  const UnitTestFunction Function,
        void ** const volatile state, const UnitTestFunctionType function_type,
        const void* const heap_check_point) {
    const ListNode * const volatile check_point = (const ListNode*)
        (heap_check_point ?
         heap_check_point : check_point_allocated_blocks());
    void *current_state = NULL;
    volatile int rc = 1;
    int handle_exceptions = 1;
#ifdef _WIN32
    handle_exceptions = !IsDebuggerPresent();
#endif // _WIN32
#if UNIT_TESTING_DEBUG
    handle_exceptions = 0;
#endif // UNIT_TESTING_DEBUG

    if (handle_exceptions) {
#ifndef _WIN32
        unsigned int i;
        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(exception_signals); i++) {
            default_signal_functions[i] = signal(
                exception_signals[i], exception_handler);
        }
#else // _WIN32
        previous_exception_filter = SetUnhandledExceptionFilter(
            exception_filter);
#endif // !_WIN32
    }

    if (function_type == UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_TEST) {
        print_message("[ RUN      ] %s\n", function_name);
    }
    initialize_testing(function_name);
    global_running_test = 1;
    if (setjmp(global_run_test_env) == 0) {
        Function(state ? state : &current_state);
        fail_if_leftover_values(function_name);

        /* If this is a setup function then ignore any allocated blocks
         * only ensure they're deallocated on tear down. */
        if (function_type != UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_SETUP) {
            fail_if_blocks_allocated(check_point, function_name);
        }

        global_running_test = 0;

        if (function_type == UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_TEST) {
            print_message("[       OK ] %s\n", function_name);
        }
        rc = 0;
    } else {
        global_running_test = 0;
        print_message("[  FAILED  ] %s\n", function_name);
    }
    teardown_testing(function_name);

    if (handle_exceptions) {
#ifndef _WIN32
        unsigned int i;
        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH(exception_signals); i++) {
            signal(exception_signals[i], default_signal_functions[i]);
        }
#else // _WIN32
        if (previous_exception_filter) {
            SetUnhandledExceptionFilter(previous_exception_filter);
            previous_exception_filter = NULL;
        }
#endif // !_WIN32
    }

    return rc;
}


int _run_tests(const UnitTest * const tests, const size_t number_of_tests) {
    // Whether to execute the next test.
    int run_next_test = 1;
    // Whether the previous test failed.
    int previous_test_failed = 0;
    // Check point of the heap state.
    const ListNode * const check_point = check_point_allocated_blocks();
    // Current test being executed.
    size_t current_test = 0;
    // Number of tests executed.
    size_t tests_executed = 0;
    // Number of failed tests.
    size_t total_failed = 0;
    // Number of setup functions.
    size_t setups = 0;
    // Number of teardown functions.
    size_t teardowns = 0;
    /* A stack of test states.  A state is pushed on the stack
     * when a test setup occurs and popped on tear down. */
    TestState* test_states =
	    (TestState*)malloc(number_of_tests * sizeof(*test_states));
    size_t number_of_test_states = 0;
    // Names of the tests that failed.
    const char** failed_names = (const char**)malloc(number_of_tests *
                                       sizeof(*failed_names));
    void **current_state = NULL;

    print_message("[==========] Running %d test(s).\n", number_of_tests);

    // Make sure uintmax_t is at least the size of a pointer.
    assert_true(sizeof(uintmax_t) >= sizeof(void*));

    while (current_test < number_of_tests) {
        const ListNode *test_check_point = NULL;
        TestState *current_TestState;
        const UnitTest * const test = &tests[current_test++];
        if (!test->function) {
            continue;
        }

        switch (test->function_type) {
        case UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_TEST:
            run_next_test = 1;
            break;
        case UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_SETUP: {
            // Checkpoint the heap before the setup.
            current_TestState = &test_states[number_of_test_states++];
            current_TestState->check_point = check_point_allocated_blocks();
            test_check_point = current_TestState->check_point;
            current_state = &current_TestState->state;
            *current_state = NULL;
            run_next_test = 1;
            setups ++;
            break;
        }
        case UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_TEARDOWN:
            // Check the heap based on the last setup checkpoint.
            assert_true(number_of_test_states);
            current_TestState = &test_states[--number_of_test_states];
            test_check_point = current_TestState->check_point;
            current_state = &current_TestState->state;
            teardowns ++;
            break;
        default:
            print_error("Invalid unit test function type %d\n",
                        test->function_type);
            exit_test(1);
            break;
        }

        if (run_next_test) {
            int failed = _run_test(test->name, test->function, current_state,
                                   test->function_type, test_check_point);
            if (failed) {
                failed_names[total_failed] = test->name;
            }

            switch (test->function_type) {
            case UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_TEST:
                previous_test_failed = failed;
                total_failed += failed;
                tests_executed ++;
                break;

            case UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_SETUP:
                if (failed) {
                    total_failed ++;
                    tests_executed ++;
                    // Skip forward until the next test or setup function.
                    run_next_test = 0;
                }
                previous_test_failed = 0;
                break;

            case UNIT_TEST_FUNCTION_TYPE_TEARDOWN:
                // If this test failed.
                if (failed && !previous_test_failed) {
                    total_failed ++;
                }
                break;
            default:
#ifndef _HPUX
                assert_null("BUG: shouldn't be here!");
#endif
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    print_message("[==========] %d test(s) run.\n", tests_executed);
    print_error("[  PASSED  ] %d test(s).\n", tests_executed - total_failed);

    if (total_failed) {
        size_t i;
        print_error("[  FAILED  ] %d test(s), listed below:\n", total_failed);
        for (i = 0; i < total_failed; i++) {
            print_error("[  FAILED  ] %s\n", failed_names[i]);
        }
    } else {
        print_error("\n %d FAILED TEST(S)\n", total_failed);
    }

    if (number_of_test_states) {
        print_error("[  ERROR   ] Mismatched number of setup %d and "
                    "teardown %d functions\n", setups, teardowns);
        total_failed = (size_t)-1;
    }

    free(test_states);
    free((void*)failed_names);

    fail_if_blocks_allocated(check_point, "run_tests");
    return (int)total_failed;
}
